Journal de recherche sur la pharmacie moléculaire et les processus organiques

Abstrait

Pharmaceutical nanocarriers: Past/present/future

Volkmar Weissig

ABSTRACT
About fifteen years agone, the National Institute of
Health (USA) launched the National applied science
Initiative to support, coordinate, and advance analysis
and development of nanoscale comes. The impact of
this new program on health-science connected
analysis and development became quickly visible.
Broad governmental support advanced the start of
latest , and therefore the deepening of already existing,
knowledge domain analysis. The anticipated merger
of nanoscience with drugs quickly instigated the
conceptualization of nanomedicine. The adoption of
nanoscience word by pharmaceutical scientists
resulted inside the arrival of nanopharmaceuticals.
The term “nano” became equivalent to “cuttingedge”
and was quickly embraced by the pharmaceutical
science community. mixture drug delivery systems
reemerged as nanodrug delivery systems; mixture gold
became a suspension of nano gold particles. during
this presentation, I shall review nanoscience
connected definitions applied to prescribed drugs,
discuss presently approved drug formulations that area
unit promulgated as nanopharmaceuticals and
concisely review the continuing clinical trials inside
the broad field of nanomedicine. once confining the
definition of nanopharmaceuticals to therapeutic
formulations, throughout that the distinctive chemical
science properties expressed inside the nanosize vary,
once artificial , play the important therapeutic role, I
shall argue that this variety of clincial trials neither
reflects the massive investments created inside the
sphere of nanomedicine nor the general promotion
associated with the term “nano”. However, I shall
conjointly emphasize the tremendous efforts presently
afoot worldwide, at the bench and in diagnosing
analysis, thus on type the big promise of the nano
revolution a reality. The applied science, that is that
the creation of materials at the millimicron scale, is
truly key space in science and technology that has
been extensively explored throughout the last decades
and represents one in all the foremost vital directions
within the technological developments of the leading
countries within the twenty first Century. notably
inside the sphere of drug delivery, the employment of
pharmaceutical nanocarriers looks to bolster the in vivo
efficaciousness of the numerous medicine each in
pharmaceutical analysis and in clinical trials. Despite the
efficaciousness of the numerous medicine used these
days in clinics, typically these exhibit some
technological limitations, like poor solubility or lack of
specificity leading to various aspect effects that cut back
the standard of life. Liposomes or phospholipid-based
nanovesicles were accidentally discovered in time of life
by Alec Bangham. Following their discovery, quickly
liposomes began to be studied thus on make the most of
the capsular and biocompatibility properties of the
supermolecule membrane in drug delivery applications.
Thus, liposomes have passed from a scientific curiosity
to “magic bullets” to carry medicine and will be thought
of one amongst the foremost in style nanocarriers for
delivering several biologically active substances. With
the target to enhance physical and/or chemical stability
of liposomes or to enhance therapeutic efficaciousness,
alternative varieties of liposomes were developed, like
niosomes, Transfersomes®, Ethosomes®,
Phytosomes®, pegylated liposomes and
immunoliposomes. Pegylation of liposomes, i.e.
attachment of polythene glycol molecules at the surface
of the nanocarrier, promotes an increase in circulation
time when endovenous administration, potentiating the
arrival to the target website of action. Nowadays, there
area unit some marketed formulations supported
liposomes and pegylated liposomes. Following to
liposomes, alternative nanocarriers are developed like
micelles, chemical compound nanoparticles,
supermolecule nanoparticles and dendrimers. Micelles
area unit fashioned by amphiphilic molecules, selfassembled
once these area unit within the important
particle concentration. one in all the numerous
disadvantages of micelles is their poor physical stability,
since they will dissociate upon dilution. chemical
compound nanoparticles area unit mixture systems
created principally by perishable polymers like chitosan,
alginates, poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA),
polylactic acid, poly-?-caprolactone, and proteins, like
simple protein and gelatins. the main inconvenient
associated to chemical compound nanoparticles is that
the use of organic solvents for his or her production.
However, dependently of the assembly ways and so the used medicine and polymers, it's attainable to work
with less venomous solvents. to beat this disadvantage
of chemical compound nanoparticles, inside the start
the 90’s, the supermolecule nanoparticles were
developed, victimization method free of organic
solvents. the primary generation of supermolecule
nanoparticles is termed Solid supermolecule
Nanoparticles (SLN) and area unit composed solely
by solid lipids, whereas the second generation is
termed Nanostructured supermolecule Carriers (NLC),
composed by solid and liquid lipids. In each cases, the
nanoparticles stay solid at area and body temperature .
At the beginning of the third millennium, researchers
have paid a lot of attention to application of
dendrimers as drug delivers. Dendrimers area unit the
hyper branched and uniformly distributed
macromolecules, with several arms emanating from a
central core, that possess definite relative molecular
mass , size, form and specific chemical and physical
properties together with drug demurrer properties.
Considering the analysis regarding nanocarriers as
drug delivery systems, we are able to verify that this
field of study is at the forefront of the science, with
various revealed papers.Additionally, there area unit
on the market some pharmaceutical preparations
supported liposomes, like Daunoxome, Doxil,
Marquibo, AmBisome, and simple protein
nanoparticles of paclitaxel, Ambraxe and much a lot
of area unit in clinical trials.These market approval
medicines area unit typically viewed as a landmark
not just for liposomal or albumin-based drug delivery
technology however conjointly for nanomedicine.The
trend of worldwide analysis relies on the conceive to
acquire systems more and more little, and so, applied
science overlaps microtechnology. Thus, applied
science may be a promising space that, within the last
years, has shown stunning results. The close to future
could hold the emergence of latest business
nanocarrier-based merchandise. However, this
technological revolution is also a challenge, since the
risks area unit high in terms of investment, however
increasing the evidences regarding the benefits of
applied science, the interest by the pharmaceutical
trade also will increase.
Keywords: nanotechnology, nanopharmaceuticals to
therapeutic formulations, Nanomedicine