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Mechanisms of Endothelial Dysfunction in Obesity: A Mini-Review

Ibrahim Kalle Kwaifa, Hasnah Bahari, Yoke Keong Yong, Sabariah Md Noor

Obesity is associated with excess accumulation of macronutrients on the adipose tissue, can facilitate the synthesis and secretion of inflammatory biomarkers. Inflammatory markers in turn suppress the secretion of adiponectin and initiate the proinflammatory state. Endothelial cells synthesise bioactive substances that maintain the integrity of the blood vessels through constant regulation between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory, proliferative and anti-proliferative markers of vascular smooth muscle cells. They also maintain the balance between the oxidants and antioxidative substances, vasodilators and vasoconstrictors of the endothelium, coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. However, during obesity, these delicate metabolic balances are altered, which may have great influence on endothelium, a condition characterized by atherosclerotic plaque formation. Endothelial dysfunction forms the basis of this discussion since it was recognized to be the major contributor of cardiovascular complications during obesity. Modification of the inflammatory markers and control of obesity will help to alleviate obesity-related complications linked to cardiovascular diseases.